老夫子英语

段落的写作
段落是扩展中心思想的一组意义密切相关的句子,它是介于句子和篇章之间的一个写作单位,是连句成篇的一个必经阶段。
一、段落的结构
一个段落一般由三部分组成:主题句(Topic Sentence),扩展句(Development Sentence)和结论句(Concluding Sentence)。
例如：
（主题句）Reasons for the growing popularity of fast-food chains appear obvious enough.（扩展句）For one thing,the food is generally cheap.A hamburger at McDonald's,for example,costs about one-half as much as a similar meal at a regular 'sit down'restaurant.（扩展句）Another advantage of the chains is their convenience.For busy working couples who don't want to spend the time or effort cooking,fast-food restaurants offer an attractive alternative.（结论句）And,judging by the fact that customers return in increasing numbers,many Americans like the taste of the food.
从上面的例子来看，快餐连锁店日益普遍的原因非常明显，这是段落的主题句。原因主要反映在快餐的廉价、方便两个方面，这是段落的两个扩展句。结论句起到与主题句相呼应，小结全段文字的作用。
(1)主题句。主题句是英文段落的典型特点,顾名思义,主题句就是提出段落主题的句子。它是一个段落的中心，要求全段其他所有的文字都围绕它展开。它指出了这段内容的主导思想。主题句既可以用在段落的开始或中间,也可以用在段落的末尾,但是对于硕士研究生入学考试来说,我们应该尽量把主题句放置于一个段落的开始,这既有助于组织材料,也可以使文章结构清楚。主题句是一篇文章的灵魂,文章的所有材料和论述都是围绕主题句展开的,因此,写好段落的主题句是写好作文的关键,一个好的主题句首先应该紧扣文章的中心思想,把该段落的内容限定在文章的中心内容之内。例如:
Physical Exercise
More and more people today are realizing the importance of regular physical exercises.In the past,most people were involved in manual labour out in the fresh air of the fields.Nowadays a lot of people work in offices,spending most of their time indoors.In the evenings they usually sit watching TV or reading newspapers.Their daily lives don't provide them with the exercises needed to keep them healthy.Therefore,they must devote part of their time to doing regular physical exercise.
There are many different forms of physical exercises suiting different tastes.Some people enjoy competitive sports and find others to share their interest.For example,they play table tennis or football together.Others prefer to exercise alone.They do some running or practise qigong in parks in the morning.Clearly,different people are fond of different forms of physical exercise to improve their health.
As for me,I like running in the morning.And I have benefited a lot from it.It does a lot of good to my health.So I will persist in doing it in the future.
上文的标题“Physical Exercise”是一个比较大的题目,一篇100多字的短文根本不可能容纳它的全部内容,但是,聪明的作者通过各个段落的主题句把内容限定在一定的范围之内,各段的主题句都是该段落的第一句。我们不难看出,上文中三个段落的主题句都紧扣文章的标题,并很好地限定了段落的内容。
其次,好的段落主题句必须完整，即能表达一个完整的思想,该段落将围绕这一主题句逐步展开,或定义,或论述,或分类,或解释,或举例说明。因此,段落主题句中必须包含段落的主旨,必须包含一个等待发展的思想。例如在上面我们所例举的“Physical Exercise”一文中的第二段的主题句为“There are many different forms of exercises suiting different tastes”,其主导思想为“different forms of physical exercise”,下面该段的内容也是围绕这一主导思想而展开的。
另外,一个好的段落主题句应该具有一定的限定性,它应该限定该段落的内容不至于偏离全文的中心内容,而且,一个段落的容量是很有限的,如果主题句限定的范围太宽,主题句的内容就无法在该段落内得以阐述清楚。例如以Cheating on the Campus为题的作文为例,用Cheating is popular,或者Cheating is bad或者Cheating is understandable就过于笼统了,Cheating指的是什么?即便是在大学校园里,cheating可以表现在考试,爱情,图书馆等各个方面,不确定具体的范围,主题句就形同虚设,等于还是停留在题目上。因此,一个好的主题句,不仅要表达作者的态度,还需要根据内容和字数方面的要求,对题目的范围进行控制和确定,例如:
例1.Whatever pressures,academic or professional,experienced by students,cheating on the exam is not allowed.
例2.Academic and professional pressures make it understandable that cheating on the exam is widespread on the campus today.
例3.Cheating on the exam is popular on the campus today because of academic and professional pressures.
当然,主题句也不能太具体,如果主题句太具体,作者就无法在文字上加以展开。例如:
American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned,frozen,and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.
上述句子作主题句显然不合适,因为它讲述得太具体了,最好应改为:
American food is tasteless and greasy.
另外,我们在设计主题句时还应该注意不要把太多不相关的观点包括在一个主题句中,否则,整个段落就会缺乏统一性。例如:
Shanghai is famous for its temperate climate,its large population,and its rapid industrial development.
上句包括了三个方面的内容,难以在一个段落中同时讲述,因此,最好只是取其中之一,三个观点放在三个段落中论述。
(2)发展句。段落主题句给出段落的主题思想,发展句则用来发展、证明或支持这一主题思想。发展句必须切题,明确,层次分明,例如:
(1)Women are generally believed to be less intelligent than men.(2)For thousands of years they have been thought to be inferior to men.(3)Those who believes in this idea argue that few women have made remarkable achievements in the history.(4)Even now,there are still far less women professors,women scientists and women doctors.(5)All these factors show that women can't compete with men.
上面一段共有五个句子,其中句(1)是该短的主题句,句(2),(3),(4)为发展句,它们从各自不同的角度对段落主题句的主题思想进行说明。
发展句是对主题句进一步的引申与发展，然而引申与发展的方法是多种多样的，下面我们讲一种最为实用的方法，即设问→解答法(Why→Because),按照这种方法就是要在句子展开之前先加以设问，也就是提出一个问题，然后再针对这一问题进行解答，例如：
主题句：To most visitors,New York is both a fascinating and a frightening city.
设问：Why do we say New York is both a fascinating and a frightening city?
解答：Because:It is a city of great wealth and of great poverty.There are many rich people,but there are many poor people too.There are many luxury apartment buildings and there are slum tenements.
Because:There is a great deal of beauty and a great deal of ugliness.The parks and the shops are beautiful,but the dirty streets and subways are ugly.
Because:Most things are expensive,but some things are free.The cost of entertainment is generally high,but there are usually many free lectures,concerts,and art exhibits.
Because:There are people who work all day and people who work all night.
上述设问→解答法为我们提供一种考虑问题的方法，我们把上面的思考的结果加以整理，就得到了下面一个段落：
To most visitors,New York is both a fascinating and a frightening city.It is a city of great wealth and of great poverty.There are many rich people,but there are many poor people too.There are many luxury apartment buildings and there are slum tenements.There is a great deal of beauty and a great deal of ugliness.The parks and the shops are beautiful,but the dirty streets and subways are ugly.There is a great deal of beauty and a great deal of ugliness.The parks and the shops are beautiful,but the dirty streets and subways are ugly.There are people who work all day and people who work all night.
(3)结论句。结论句位于全段的末尾,是对全段的内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性观点的句子。结论句不仅仅是重复主题句提出的段落主题,更为重要的是,它可以进一步强调段落的中心思想,以引起读者的重视和注意。在撰写结论句时我们应该注意,结论句的结构形式没有必要与主题句保持一致,但结论句所表达的内容必须要和主题句的内容保持一致,不能相互矛盾。当然,并非每个段落都需要结论句,对于一些描述性段落也可以不使用结论句。例如,在下面这一段中,由于该段的内容具有很强的描述性,作者就没有使用结论句:
In fact,there are lots of better things to do in our leisure time.Going to concerts or theater is pleasant experience.Visiting parks or art exhibition brings us great joy.And there are more entertainment in interesting books or pleasant music than in everyday TV programs.
下面我们再通过两个文章的三个段落从整体上说明段落的组成:
例1.Wherever one lives,in the city or the country,there are some good reasons for owing a car.(主题句)First,cars provide the most convenient form of transportation.(发展句)Second,a car is a comfortable way to travel,especially in winter time.(发展句)Finally,a driver is usually safe in his car when he is out at night.(发展句)Therefore,many people favour owing a car.(结论句)
例2.Computer is a wonder of this era.(主题句)Because of it our work and life have changed dramatically.(发展句)At the moment it plays an extremely important role in our life.(发展句)Computers are able to do a great variety of jobs.(发展句)They are widely used in offices,laboratories,banks,airports,etc.(发展句)Businessmen use them to make more money;policemen use them to find criminals;scientists use them to make new discoveries.(发展句)Many modern families are equipped with it.(发展句)It has become so important in our life that we can't imagine what life would be like without it.(结论句)
例3.In the future,the computer will be more powerful.(主题句)Students may receive their education through it.(发展句)There will be more intelligent robots to relieve us from arduous work and even to look after children or nurse the sick.(发展句)In a word,we can expect to see the development of the computer for more purposes in the future.(结论句)
硕士研究生入学考试大纲规定,考生应在40分钟之内写出一篇120～150词的短文,如果短文由3～4段组成,那么每个段落也只有40～50词左右,所以一般来说,一个段落只要有4～5句也就足够了,考生如果按照主题句,发展句和结论句的结构安排,只要有一个主题句,2～3个发展句,再加上一个结论句也就没有什么问题了,因此,作文由此看来也并不难写。关于这一点,请读者进一步阅读后面的十二句作文法部分。
二、段落的过渡
硕士研究生入学考试要求考生的作文必须表达清楚,语义连贯,要做到这一点,考生必须学会过渡词的使用。过渡词(Transitional Words)是一种关系指引词,它是连接句与句,段与段之间的纽带,过渡词一般为副词或起副词作用的短语,另外,代词、连词、上下文的同义词也可以起到过渡的作用。在传统的汉语写作中,人们讲究文章的起、承、转、合,我们认为英语写作也应该如此,而过渡词的作用正在于使文章更好地做到这一点。例如:
例1.Smoking results in a series of negative effects.To begin with,it has been proved that poisonous nicotine contained in cigarettes can reduce your fitness.And what is worse,it can even cause lung cancer if you smoke constantly.That is why such warning as “smoking is harmful to our health”must be printed on the cover of the cigarette case in western countries.Furthermore,passive smoking occurs in your family members and other people as a result of your smoking at home or in public places.Consequently,their health will be unfavourably influenced.In addition,smoking adds to your financial difficulty if you happen to be short of money.Even if you are rich,you are encouraged to spend your money on valuable books,nutritious food,high-quality TV sets,etc.,not on meaningless smoking.Therefore,giving up smoking is a good way to make you and your family happy.
根据在文章中的作用,过渡词大致可以分为以下四类:
(1)表达“启”的常用词语:用于引导主题句,或用于主题句的后面,引导第一个发展句。
first(ly),at first,first of all,in the beginning,in the first place,at present,to begin with,currently,to start with,lately,for one thing,now,recently,on the one hand,in general,generally speaking,at present,in recent years,comparatively(speaking),nowadays,in general,in a sense,in a way,in my opinion,obviously,undoubtedly,等。
(2)表达“承”的过渡词语:用于承接主题句或第一个(或前一个)发展句。
second(ly),third(ly),also/too,besides,in addition,furthermore,moreover,what is more,for another,for example,for instance,as an example,as another example,namely,then,in other words,in particular,in the same way,after that,afterwards,after a few days,after a while,from now on,later,just as,similarly,meanwhile,at the same time,by this time,soon,consequently,of course,for this purpose,equally important,what is more,what is worse,certainly,surely,obviously,especially,in particular,indeed,still,in fact,in plain terms,in practice,for the most part,no doubt等。
(3)表达“转”的过渡词语:用来表示不同或相反的情况。
after all,but,yet,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,though,although,despite,in spite of,on the contrary,in contrast,unlike,whereas,on the other hand,all the same(但是),unfortunately,still,in fact,as a matter of fact,in any case,at any rate(无论如何),otherwise,or else,instead等。
(4)表达“合”的过渡词语:用于总结段落中上文的内容,引导一个发展句或结论句,也可以用于文章的最后一段。
finally,hence,in brief,in conclusion,in short,in summary,therefore,thus,to sum up,to conclude,to summarize,briefly,above all,as a consequence,as a result,for this reason,as has been noted,as I have said,at last,at length,by and large,consequently,eventually,accordingly,so,after all,in general,in a word,on the whole等。
(5)“启,承,转,合”表达实例(注:本部分主要参考了李俊峰编著《大学英语写作讲座和练习》(中国和平出版社1994一书)
例1.(启)In general/Generally speaking/On the whole,studying too hard my be harmful to students.(启)Lately/Currently/At present /Now/Recently,many teachers expect their pupils to do more work than they can handle.(承)Moreover/Also/Furthermore/Meanwhile/What is more,parents do not realize that pressing their children to study harder than called for can injure their health.(承)Certainly/In fact/Obviously/Of course,most parents know that growing boys and girls need relaxations as well as exercise.(转)Nevertheless/However/On the other hand/Unfortunately,many students have no choice but to burn the candle at both ends in order to get good grades and please their parents.But a physically weak or socially deprived child may not be able to keep up with such a hurried pace.(合)As a result/Consequently /Thus/Therefore/Hence/In brief/In conclusion,some students may very
possibly fail in school because of this pressure to study in excess of what is required.
例2.Chinese differs from English in several ways.(启)In the first place/To begin with/First of all/To start with/First(ly),their word orders are different.(承)For instance/for example/As an example,in English,a common greeting is “How are you?”.(转)Yet/But/However/Nevertheless,in Chinese,“You are how?”is correct.(承)Second(ly)/Also/Besides/Next/What is more/Furthermore/Moreover,in Chinese,our verbs do not have the past tense;Instead,we know the time from the adverb.In English,(转)however/on the other hand/nevertheless/yet,time is indicated by the tense.(承)In addition to/Besides/Apart from these problems,Chinese have many small differences.(承)For instance/For example/As an example,Chinese does not distinguish between “he”and “she”,nor is there a difference between “a”and “an”as there is in English.(合)Undoubtedly/Certainly/Indeed/Obviously/Thus/In short/In brief,it is these differences that make English difficult for the Chinese students to learn.
三、段落的发展方法
段落的发展(Paragraph Development)是根据主题句所提供的中心思想来阐明问题的某一方面。一个好的段落应该主题单一,内容完整,意思连贯,长度适中。段落扩展的方法很多,对于硕士研究生入学考试的考生来说,比较常用的有:列举法,举例法,描写与叙述法,因果法,比较和对比法,归类法和定义法七种。下面我们分别加以论述。
(1)列举法(Listing)。列举法是一种最为常见的段落发展方法,用这种方法发展段落,首先要写出主题句,然后列举一系列的论据对主题句所陈述的主题内容进行陈述和解释,列举的顺序可以按照各点内容的相对重要性,时间的先后或地理位置的远近等关系来进行。例如:
例1.Advertisement can be beneficial to people.First,it is informative and can help people buy and sell goods.Second,it can widen people's knowledge,and make people more experienced.Finally,people can enjoy themselves in watching those funny and interesting advertisement programs.
例2.There are mainly two opinions on the relationship between man and machines.Some people believe that it will be possible for automatic machines,especially electronic computers,to replace man completely in the future.Others,however,argue that man is the decisive factor in production and the potential of man's intelligence is practically unlimited.
列举常用的表达方法有:first,second,in the first place,first of all,to begin with,in the second place,next,also,besides,furthermore,moreover,in addition,what is more,beyond that,for one thing,for another,finally.
(2)举例法(Exemplification)。为了阐明或支持一个观点,举例说明是一个常用而且有力的工具。在采用举例法发展段落时,作者往往在主题句中开门见山地摆出自己的观点,然后举出具体的事例来对其进行说明。所举的例子一般可按照时间顺序或重要性等来进行安排。关键在于各个实例都要于主题密切相关,具有典型性和说服力,或者能够不断地深入说明,或反映主题各个侧面。例如:
例1.Pollution is becoming more and more seriously all over the world.For example,the poisonous gas sent off by factories and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to breathe.For another example,waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes;as a result,many water lives are dying out.Furthermore,everywhere we go today,we can find rubbish carelessly disposed.Pollution is,in fact,threatening our existence.
例2.In the past,a good student refers to one who was only good at studies.For example,in the school,what the school master cared about was how well the student did in his school subjects.It did not matter whether a student had good health or not as long as he got the top marks.At home,for another example,before leaving for school,the parents would again and again tell their children to study hard and try to get good grades.As a result,many students showed little interest in anything else.
举例法常用的表达方法有:for example,for instance,as an example,as a case in point,as an illustration,such as,namely,that is,like,say.
(3)描写与叙述法(Description and Narration)。段落还可以用描述与叙述的方法来发展。描写是指作者对某人、某物或事件的感觉和印象,而叙述则指作者对某个故事和事件的讲述。描述和叙述一般按照时间和空间的次序,而这种次序关系在很大程度上体现在它们所特有的过渡连接词上。用这种方法发展段落,作者能够清楚而连贯地交代事物的本末,从而使读者可以清晰完整地理解文章的含义。例如，96年考题Good Health的第三段My own practice 可用这种方法。我们看下边的例题。
When I First Came to the Campus
I still remember the day when I first came to the campus.I was then 17,longing for the new life as a university student.
That morning when the bus carried me to the gate of the university,I felt my heart beating excitedly and almost out of mouth.After the registration,we were led by an instructor to the dorm where,for the first time,we were going to live without parents but roommates.I was so clumsy that I didn't know how to make the bed and fix the net.In the afternoon,I took a walk around the campus together with my roommates.As we were talking and laughing,a voice of a senior student came into our ears,揙h,look at these freshmen!?It was our middle-school-students'looking that gave us away.
In the evening,we sat together,talking about the past and the future.We were so excited that no one wanted to sleep.
(4)因果法(Cause and Effect)。在人类的思维活动中,人们常常会根据事物的原因推断其结果,或者根据某一结果分析其原因。写作中的因果法正是这种思维方式在写作过程中的具体体现。所谓因果法,就是通过分析事物发生的原因,自然地说明由此而产生的各种结果,或者通过分析某一结果,推断导致这一结果的原因。例如:
Nowadays there is often a misunderstanding between parent and child.The most obvious reason for this lack of communication is that they grew up at different times and therefore have different likes and dislikes for the things around them.Also the parent is often too busy to listen patiently to the explanation of the child when there is a misunderstanding.Both of them take it for granted that there is a generation gap.

E题库 整理

Today is one of the first Father's Days of our new millennium. Fathers of 1900 didn't have it nearly as good as fathers of today; but they did have a few advantages:

In 1900, fathers prayed their children would learn English.
Today, fathers pray their children will speak English.
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In 1900, a father's horsepower meant his horses.
Today, it's the size of his minivan.
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In 1900, if a father put a roof over his family's head, he was a success.
Today, it takes a roof, deck, pool, and 4-car garage. And that's just the vacation home.
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In 1900, a father waited for the doctor to tell him when the baby arrived.
Today, a father must wear a smock, know how to breathe, and make sure film is in the video camera.
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In 1900, fathers passed on clothing to their sons.
Today, kids wouldn't touch Dad's clothes if they were sliding naked down an icicle.
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In 1900, fathers could count on children to join the family business.
Today, fathers pray their kids will soon come home from college long enough to teach them how to work the computer and set the VCR.
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In 1900, fathers pined for old country Romania, Italy, or Russia.
Today, fathers pine for old country Hank Williams.
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In 1900, a father smoked a pipe.
If he tries that today, he gets sent outside after a lecture on lip cancer.
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In 1900, fathers shook their children gently and whispered, "Wake up, it's time for school."
Today, kids shake their fathers violently at 4 a.m., shouting: "Wake up, it's time for hockey practice."
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In 1900, a father came home from work to find his wife and children at the supper table.
Today, a father comes home to a note: "Jimmy's at baseball, Cindy's at gymnastics, I'm at adult-Ed, Pizza in fridge."
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In 1900, fathers and sons would have heart-to-heart conversations while fishing in a stream.
Today, fathers pluck the headphones off their sons' ears and shout, "WHEN YOU HAVE A MINUTE.."
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In 1900, a father gave a pencil box for Christmas, and the kid was all smiles.
Today, a father spends $800 at Toys 'R' Us, and the kid screams: "I wanted Sega!"
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In 1900, if a father had breakfast in bed, it was eggs and bacon and ham and potatoes.
Today, it's Special K, soy milk, dry toast and a lecture on cholesterol.
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In 1900, a Father's Day gift would be a hand tool.
Today, he'll get a digital organizer.
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In 1900, fathers said, "A man's home is his castle."
Today, they say, "Welcome to the money pit."
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In 1900, "a good day at the market" meant Father brought home feed for the horses.
Today, "a good day at the market" means Dad got in early on an IPO.
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In 1900, a happy meal was when Father shared funny stories around the table.
Today, a happy meal is what Dad buys at McDonald's.
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In 1900, a father was involved if he spanked the kid now and then.
Today, a father's involved only if he coaches Little League and organizes Boy Scouts and car pools.
**************************************************
In 1900, when fathers entered the room, children often rose to attention.
Today, kids glance up and grunt, "Dad, you're invading my space."
**************************************************
In 1900, fathers threatened their daughters suiters with shotguns if the girl came home late.
Today, fathers break the ice by saying, "So...how long have you had that earring?"
**************************************************
In 1900, fathers pined for the old school, which meant a one-room, red-brick building.
Today, fathers pine for the old school, which means Dr J and Mickey Mantle.
**************************************************
In 1900, fathers were never truly appreciated.
In 2001, fathers are never truly appreciated.

《E题库》整理提供

1、as 句型：

  (1) as引导方式状语从句句型：“按照……；正如……”

     例：We do farm work as the old peasant teaches us. 

         As(it is)in your country, we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.    正如(像) 你们国家一样，我们北方种植小麦，南方种植水稻。

(2) as＋形容词／副词原级＋（a ／an）＋名词＋as ;

     否定式：not as/so --- as

     例：He is as good a player as his sister．

         他和他姐姐一样是位优秀的运动员。

(3) such + n. + as to do 如此……以致于……

     例：She is such a fool as to believe what he said.

         她是一个如此的一个笨蛋以致相信了他所说的话。

(4) so + adj./adv. + as to do sth 如此……以致于……

     例：He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.

         他是如此的强壮以致于能提起那重箱子。

  (5) such --- as---  象……之类的…… （接名词或定语从句）

     例：He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.

         他希望成为一个像雷锋这样的人。

  (6) the same ＋名词＋as 和……一样的…… （接名词或定语从句）

     例：He is not the same man as he used to be 他不是从前的那样子了。

  (7) as 引导非限制性定语从句

     例：As is known to us, knowledge is power.众所周知，知识就是力量。

  (8)引导时间状语从句。与while意义相近

     例：We get wiser as we get older. 随着我们长大，我们也变得越来越聪明。

  (9) 引导原因状语从句，与because的用法相近

     例：As it was getting very late, we soon turned back.

         因为越来越迟了，所以我们不久就回来了。

  (10) 引导让步状语从句

     例：Child as he is, he knows much about science.

         尽管他是一个小孩，但他对科学了解得很多。

2、prefer 句型：

  (1) prefer to do sth

     例：I prefer to stay at home.   我宁愿呆在家里。

  (2) prefer doing sth

     例：I prefer playing in defence.   我喜欢打防守。

  (3) prefer sb to do sth

     例：Would you prefer me to stay?  你愿意我留下来吗？

  (4) prefer to do sth rather than do sth  ……宁愿…...而不愿.…".

     例句：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out

           我宁愿呆在家里而不愿出去.

  (5) prefer doing sth to doing sth

     例：I prefer watching football to playing it. 

         我喜欢看篮球，不喜欢打篮球。

  (6) prefer sth to sth

     例：I prefer tea to coffee.   我要茶不要咖啡。

3、when 句型：

  (1) be doing sth ---- when ---

     例：He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.

         他正笑着的时候门突然开了，他妻子走了进来。

  (2) be about to do sth --- when ---

     例：We were about to start when it began to rain.

         我们刚要出发，天就开始下雨了。

  (3) had not done sth --- when ---/ hardly --- when ---

     例： He had not fallen asleep when the telephone rang.

          他刚要入睡电话就响了。

  (4) had just done ---- when ---

     例：I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang.

         在劳累了一天之后我刚刚就寝，电话铃就响了。

4、seem 句型：

  (1) It +seems + that从句

     例：It seemed that everyone was satisfied.  看来好像每个人都很满意。

  (2) It seems to sb that ---

     例：It seems to me that she is right.   我看她是对的，

  (3) There seems to be ----

     例：There seems to be a heavy rain.   看上去要有一场大雨。

  (4) It seems as if ----

     例：It seemed that she couldn't come to class.看样子她不能来上课了。

5、表示“相差……；增加了……；增加到……”句型：

   (1) She is taller than I by three inches. 她比我高三英寸

   (2) There is one year between us. 我们之间相差一岁。

   (3)  She is three years old than I  她比我大三岁。

   (4) They have increased the price by 50%. 他们把价格上涨了50%

6、what 引导的名词性从句

  (1) what 引导主语从句

     例：What surprised me is that everybody seemed to be very indifferent to her.

  让我吃惊的是每个人似乎对她都很冷淡.

[ indifferent adj.不关心的;冷漠的]

  (2) what 引导宾语从句

     例：We can learn what we do not know. 我们能学会我们不懂的东西。

  (3) what 引导表语从句

     例：That is what I want.   那正是我所要的。

  (4) what 引导同位语从句

     例：I have no idea what they are talking about. 我不知道他们正在谈论什么.

7、too句型：

  (1) too．．．to do sth．

     例：Politics is too important to be left to the politicians．

        （＝Politics is so important that it can't be left to the politicians．）

          政治太重要了，不能由政治家来决定。

  (2) only too --- to do sth

     例：I shall be only too pleased to get home.  我要回到家里就非常高兴。

  (3) too + adj + for sth

     例：These shoes are much too small for me.  我穿这双鞋太小了。

  (4) too + adj + a + n.

     例：This is too difficult a text for me.   这篇课文对我来说太难了。

  (5)  can't … too +形容词     无论……也不为过

     例：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

  我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

8、where  句型：

  (1) where 引导的定语从句

     例：This is the house where he lived last year. 这就是他去年住过的房子。

  (2) where 引导的状语从句

     例：Where there is a will，there is a way．有志者事竟成。

         He left his key where he could find．他将钥匙放在易找到的地方。

         I will go where I want to go．我要去我想去的地方。

  (3) where  引导的表语从句

     例：This is where you are wrong.   这正是你错的地方。

     注：引导状语从句的where= 介词+the place where （定语从句）

         例：Go where(ver) you are most needed.到最需要你的地方去。

9、wish 句型

  (1) wish that sb did sth  希望某人现在做某事

     例：I wish I were as strong as you. 我希望和你一样强壮。

  (2) wish that sb had done sth  希望某人过去做某事

     例： I wish you had told me earlier  要是你早点告诉我就好了。

  (3) wish that sb would/could do sth  希望某人将来做某事

     例：I wish you would succeed this time. 我希望你这次会成功。

10、would rather 句型：

   (1) would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿做……而不愿做……

      例：She would rather die than turn against his motherland.

          她宁可死也不去背叛祖国。

   (2) would rather have done sth 宁愿过去做过某事

      例：I would rather have taken his advice.  我宁愿过去接受他的意见。

   (3) would rather sb had done sth  宁愿某人过去做过某事

      例：I would rather I had passed the examination last week.

         我真希望通过上星期的考试

   (4) would rather sb did sth  宁愿某人现在或将来做某事

      例： Who would you rather went with you? 你宁愿谁和你一起去？

11、before 句型：

   (1) before sb can/ could … 某人还没来得及……

      例：Before I could get in a word ，he had measured me．

          我还没来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸

   (2) It will be +时间+ before + 还有多长时间……

      例：It will be 4 years before he graduates. 他还有四年时间变毕业了。

   (3) had done some time  before   （才……）

      例：We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.

          我们航行了四天四夜才见到陆地。

   (4)  had not done --- before ---   不到……就……

      例：We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.

我们还没走到一英里路就觉得累了。

   (5) It was not +一段时间+ before  不多久就……

      例：It wasn’t two years before he left the country.

还没到两年他们离开了那国家。

12、强调句型：

   (1) It is ／was ＋被强调部分＋that（who）．．．

      例：It was I who wrote to my uncle yesterday．

          是我昨天给我叔叔写信的。

   (2) Is/was it + 被强调部分 + that (who) ...

      例：Was it your brother that you met in the street?

          在街上你遇见的是你兄弟吗？

   (3) Where/who/what/how等特殊疑问词 + is/was it that ...

      例：How is it that you will go to visit her tomorrow?

          明天你究竟怎样去看望她？

   (4) do +谓语动词   （强调谓语）

      例：They do know the place well. 他们的确很熟悉那个地方。

13、用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的句型：

   (1) should like to/ would like to/ would love to have done sth.

      例：You should like to have written to your mother.

          你本应当给你母亲写信。

   (2) was / were going to do sth.（用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么）

      例：Lucy was going to watch a basketball match.

          Lucy 原打算看一场篮球比赛。

   (3) was / were going to have done sth. 表示未完成原来的计划和安排

      例：Lily was going to have cleaned her bedroom, but she had no time.

          Lily 原打算清理她的卧室，但她没时间。

   (4) expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think,

want, wish ．．．

     常用过去完成时态,在这些词后接宾语从句或者接不定式的一般形式；  

     或者用一般过去时态后面接不定式的完成形式表示过去未曾实现的愿望

     例：She had supposed him to be very rich.  她原以为他很有钱。

   (5) wish that …had done sth.表示过去未曾实现的愿望．

      例：I wish he had been here yesterday. 要是他昨天在这儿就好了。

   (6) 情态动词should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成时，

表示过去本该做，打算做，想做而未做的事情．

       should have done =ought to have done  本应该做而没做

       would have done = 本来就会去做某事而没做

       could have done = 本可以做某事而没做

       might have done  本可以做而没做

       例：They ought to have apologized.   他们本该道歉的。

14、倍数句型：

   (1)倍数＋比较级＋than．．．，

     例：The room is twice larger than that one．这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。

         There is 30 times greater chance of being hit by lightening than being attacked by a shark.

   (2)倍数＋as＋原级＋as．．．，

      例：The room is three times as large as that one．

这个房间是那个房间的三倍。

   (3)倍数＋the size ／height／length ／weight ／width of．．．

      例：The room is three times the size of that one．

          这个房间是那个房间的3倍大。

15、 It is ------ that ---- 句型

   (1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句

      It is a fact/an honour ---  that  +陈述语气从句

      例：It is a fact that the earth moves around the sun.

          地球围绕太阳转是事实。

          It is a pity/shame/no wonder that  + 虚拟语气从句

      例：It is a pity that he should not come. 他若不来可真是遗憾。  

   (2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句

      It is natural/important/necessary/strange that + 虚拟语气从句

      例：It is important that enough money be collected to fund the project.

          重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。

      It is obvious/apparent/clear that  + 陈述语气从句

      例：It is clear that she doesn't like the dress at all.

          这很清楚她一点儿也不喜欢这条裙子。

   (3) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句

      It is generally/commonly believed /accepted/thought/held  that ...

+陈述语气从句

      例：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

         全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

      It is suggested/ordered/desired/requested/decided that +虚拟语气从句

      例句：It is suggested that we should hold a meeting next week.

            建议我们下周开上会。

16、It ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句

   (1) It seems that

      例：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.

          看来Alice根本就不准备来参加聚会了。

   (2) It happened that...……很偶然.

      例：It happened that I won the football lottery last week.

          我上星期偶然中了足彩

   (3) It occurred to sb that...

      例句：It suddenly occurred to me that  I knew how to solve that problem.

            我突然想起我知道怎样解决那个问题.

   (4) It appears that....      

      例： It appears that Tom might change his mind.   看来汤姆会改变主意。

17、比较句型：

   (1)原级比较：

     例：English is not so difficult a subject as Russia.

英语不是和像俄语一样难的科目。

         Their bones are not as thick as adults’.

他们的骨头和成年人的不一样厚。

   (2)一方超过另一方：

      例：The weather of this year is a lot hotter than that of last year.

          今年的气候比上一年的气候要热得多。

   (3)一方不如另一方：

      例：The restoration was so bad that it made some of the buildings less secure than they had been before.

          修复工作是如此的糟，以致于它使得一些建筑没有以前安全了。

   (4) The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

     The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~

             （愈...愈...）

        例：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

            你愈努力，你愈进步。

           The more books we read, the more learned we become.

           我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

   (5) more…. than…与其说…倒不如说

      例：Smith is more diligent than intelligent.

          与其说Smith聪明倒不如说他勤奋。

   (6) no +形容词比较级+ than = as +形容词的反义词+  as

      例：I am no better at English than you. 我的英语不比你好。

   (7) that 在前后比较中代替不可数名词和特指的单数可数名词

      例：The traditional picture of St Nicholas is quite different from that

          of Father Christmas.

   (8) one 在前后比较中代替泛指的单数可数名词。

      例：I prefer a flat in Beijing to one in Nanjing, because I want to live near

          my Mom's. 与南京相比我更喜欢在北京有一套公寓，因为我想跟我妈妈住一起。

   (9) those 在前后比较中代替 特指的复数可数名词。

      例：Salaries are higher here than those in my country.

          这儿的工资比我们国家的高。

   (10) ones 在前后比较中代替泛指的复数可数名词

      例：Cars do cause us some health problems --- in fact far more serious ones

than mobile phones do.汽车确实给我们的身体健康带来问题，事实上比手机造成的问题更严重。

18、感叹句型：

   (1) What a + Adj + N + S + V!

      例：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

          信守我们的诺言是多么的重要啊！

   (2) How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）

      例：How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

          遵守诺言是多么重要的事！

   (3) How + S + V!

     例句：How I want to go to Beijing. 我多么想去北京啊！

19、表法猜测的句型：

   (1) must have done sth 一定做过某事    否定形式：can't have done

      例：She must have come here last night. 她一定是昨晚来的。

          She can't have gone there  她不可能到那儿去。

   (2) may have done sth  可能做过某事     否定形式：may not have done

      例：Philip may have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

          Philip 可能在这次车祸中伤得很严重。

   (3) might have done sth 或许做过某事 否定形式: might not have done

      例：She might have known what the bottle contained.

          她或许知道这个瓶子里装的是什么。

   (4) should have done sth 估计已经做了某事

否定形式：should not have done

      例：She should have arrived in her office by now.

          她此刻估计已经到达办公室了。

20、动词不定式常用句型：

   (1) It takes / took / will take sb. some time / money to do sth.

      某人花/花了/将花多长时间/多少钱做某事.

      例句：It took me years of hard work to speak good English.

            为了讲一口流利的英语,我花了多年时间刻苦操练.

   (2) It is + adj +for/of sb to do sth

      例：Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the 

          Union.  林肯说南方脱离联邦是不对的。

          It was careless of Tom to break the cup.

   (3) Sb. have / has / had no choice but to do... 某人除了做……别无选择.

      例句：We had no choice but to take a taxi for we'd missed the last bus.

            由于错过了最后一班公共汽车,除了乘坐的士,我们别无选择.

   (4) It's not /just like sb. to do sth.……的行为不/正像某人的一贯作风.

      例：lt's not like Jim to be late for class. He regards time as the most

          important thing in life.  

         上课迟到不像吉姆的一贯作风,他把时间看作是生命中最重要的.

   (5) ．．．．形容词／副词＋enough to do sth．

      例：I was fortunate enough to travel to South Africa.．

   (6) It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。） 

   例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

   (7) It cost sb some time/money to do sth

      例：It must cost a good deal to live here.住这儿一定会花很多钱的。

   (8) do all he could to do sth

      do what he could to do sth

      do everything he could to do sth

      例：They were doing everything they could to help the fatherland.

          他们在尽最大努力去帮助祖国。

   (9) It is hard to imagine/ say …   很难想象/说……

      例：It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each

          day.  很难想象爱迪生每天是怎样工作20小时的。

          It's hard to say whether the plan is practical.

          这个计划是否实际很难说。

21、动名词常用句型：

   (1)  ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth.

        (有困难做某事)

      例：People from the two countries do not have any difficulty in

understanding each other.

来自那两个国家的人们在相互理解上是没有困难的。

   (2) upon/on doing sth, 一……就……

      例：Upon / On hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he

          couldn't say a word.

          一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。

   (3) There is no/some difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.

      例：There is no difficulty in solving this social problem.

          解决这个社会问题毫无困难。

   (4) There is no need/use harm/hurry in doing sth

      例：There is no need in sending such expensive present.

          没有必要送这样贵重的礼物。

   (5) spend some time/money (in) doing sth

      例：They say children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work.

          他们说孩子们花太多的时间在闲聊和玩游戏上，而不是集中在学习上。

   (6) It's no use / good/ worth doing sth

      例：It’s no use talking with him. He won’t listen to you.

          跟他谈没用，他不会听你的。

   (7) It's a waste of time/money/energy doing

      例：It's a waste of time watching TV programme as this.

22、as if/though 句型：

    例：He spoke to me as if I were deaf. 

        他那样给我说话，就像我是聋子似的。

        The new students talked as though they had been friends for years.

        新来的学生们说话很亲热，就像多年的老朋友似的。

23、‘IF’虚拟条件句

   (1) 与过去事实相反

       例：If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.

           在Brunei，如果那人用第一个手指指着的话，那人人都会认为他很不礼貌。

   (2) 与现在事实相反

       例：If I were in your position, I would call the police immediately.

如果我处在你的位置，我会立即打电话给警察。

   (3) 与将来事实相反

       例：If I had (should have) time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.

           如果我明天有空的话，我当然会帮助你的。

   (4) 虚拟条件句中的倒装：

       例：Should it rain, the crops would grow better.

如果天下雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。

           Were I your father, I would not give you the money.

           如果我是你父亲的话，我就不会给你那钱了。

           Had it not been for the captain, the ship would have sunk

           如果不是那船长的话，那船就会沉没了。

24、Not --- until 句型

   (1) 陈述句 not --- until --- 直到……才

      例：Last night I didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock. 昨晚我11点钟才睡觉。

   (2) 强调句  It wasn't until…that... 直到……才…….

      例：It wasn't until yesterday that I got your letter.

          我直到昨天才收到你的来信.

   (3) 倒装句 Not until...did... 直到……才……. 

      例：Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

          直到我开始工作,我才意识到我已蹉跎了很多岁月.

25、since 句型：

   (1) Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式

      例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

         自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

   (2) It is +   --- + since   S +持续性谓语动词（表否定）

      例：It is three years since she lived here. 她已三年不住这儿了。

   (3) It is + --- + since S + 瞬间谓语动词（表肯定）

      例：It is years since I stopped smoking）．我戒烟已经数年了。

全国各地高考英语经典句型必备[下]

26、If only...! 真希望……!若是……那该多好啊!

   (1) 谓语动词用过去式表现在：如：

      例：If only I knew  his name! 要是我知道他的名字就好了。

   (2) 谓语动词用过去完成时表过去：如：

      例：If only we had followed your advice! 我们要是采纳你的意见就好了。

   (3) 谓语动词用could/would表将来：如：

      例：If only I could see him again! 要是我能再看到他多好啊！

          If only she would accept my invitation!

          要是她接受我的邀请该多好啊1

27、让步状语从句：

   (1) Adj./n./adv. + as/ though+ Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）

      例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means

            satisfactory.

            虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

   (2) No matter what等特殊疑问词...   …无论什么…….

      例句：No matter what happens, I'll always stand by you.

            不论发生什么事,我都永远支持你.

   (3) However + adj/adv + S + V,  尽管……

      例：You won't be able to do it alone, however much you try.

          不论你多努力，你一个人也做不来。

   (4) whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever + S + V，无论什么/哪里……

      例：Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

   (5) whether  … or not

      例：Whether you like it  or not, you'll have to do it.

          不管你喜欢不喜欢，你必须做这件事。

   (6) even if/though

      例：Even if/Even though the exercise is very difficult, you must do it.

          即使那练习很难，你都必须做。

28、违反常规的冠词位置句型：

   (1) so/as/that/too/how +adj. + a/an + n.

      例：He is as good a student as you. 他和你一样是个好学生。

          This is too difficult a problem for me.对我来说这是一个太难的问题。

          You can hardly imagine how clever a boy he is.

           你几乎想象不到那孩子有多聪明。

   (2) quite/rather/what/such/many + a/an +(adj) +n

      例：She sang quite a beautiful song. 她的歌唱得很漂亮。

          He was such a fool as to believe what she said.

          他是这样的一个笨蛋以致于相信了她说的话。

   (3) all/both/half/twice the + n

      例：All the students in her class like her very much.

          她班上所有的学生都喜欢她。

29、表示最高级的句型：

   (1) Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

     Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

      例：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

         没有比接受教育更重要的事。

   (2) no one (nobody, nothing)+so/as+原级＋as

      例：Nobody is so blind as those who will not see.

          没有人像那些视而不见的人如此的瞎了。

   (3) 比较级＋than+any other +名词单数

      比较级＋than +anything(anyone)else

      比较级＋than + any of the others

      例：Bamboo probably has more uses than any other plant in the world.

   (4) 否定词 +比较级

      例：It can’t be worse.  这是最糟的 

          I can’t agree any more.我非常同意。

   (5) be the last ----

      例：This is the last thing I want to do. 这是我最不想干的事。

30、more --- than 句型：

   (1) more --- than  与其……不如……

      例：He is more lazy than slow at his work.

= He is less slow than lazy at his work.

在工作上与其说他慢不如说他懒。

   (2) more than  超过；不仅仅是；非常

      例：These flags are more than just colorful pieces of cloth and thread sewn together. 这些旗子不只是不同颜色的布料和丝线逢在一起。

   (3) not more than  最多，不超过

      例：They finished the project in not more than one year.

          在不超过一年的时间内，他们完成了那项工程。

   (4) no more than  仅仅

      例：The officials could see no more than the Emperor.

那些官员能看到的仅仅是皇帝。

31、形式宾语与宾语补语句型：

   (1) 形式宾语代动词不定式

      例：I think it necessary to explore the space. 我认为探索太空是有必要的。

   (2) 形式宾语代从句

      例：They found it strange that no one would take the money.

          他们感到很奇怪谁也不要这一笔钱。

   (3) 过去分词做宾语补语表示宾语被动的动作：

      例：I had my pen stolen. 我的笔被偷了。

   (4) 现在分词做宾语补语表示宾语正在进行的动作。

      例：They found her lying in bed reading a novel.  

          他们发现她躺在床上看小说。

   (5) 以名词（间或可用代词）作宾语补足语：

      例：In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his

          revolutionary work.

1849年他到了英国，并且把伦敦作为他的革命工作的基地。

          I think him an honest man.我认为他是一个诚实的人。

   (6) 介词短语做宾语补语：如：

      例：I can't find him in the office.我在办公室外没有发现他。

   (7) What do you find the hardest in... 你觉得……最大的困难是什么

      例句：What do you find the hardest in learning English

            你觉得学英语最大的困难是什么

32、特殊的条件句：

   (1) Suppose/ Supposing ---, 假如……

      例：Suppose/Supposing he is absent, what shall we do?   

          假如他缺席，我们怎么办？

   (2) On condition that只要……；如果……

      例：I'll come on condition that John is invited, too.    

          如果约翰也被邀请，我就来。

   (3) provided (that)/ providing ----- 只要……

      I will come provided (that) I am well enough. 只要我身体好，我一定来。

      You may go out  providing you do your homework first.

      只要你先做作业，你便可以外出。

   (4) so/as long as

       例：As/So long as you work hard, you'll succeed in the end.

           只要你好好干，终究会成功的。

   (5) 祈使句+and + 陈述句(表肯定）

      例：Give him an inch and he’ll take a mile.

          (= If you give him an inch, he’ll take a mile. ) 他会得寸进尺的。

   (6) 祈使句+ or/otherwise +陈述句 (表否定）

      例：Start at once, or / otherwise you’ll miss the train.

          (= If you don’t start at once, …)  

          (= Unless you start at once, you’ll miss the train.)

          立即动身，否则你会错过那班火车的。

   (7) …won't...unless... 除非……否则我不会…….

      例句：I won't write to him unless he writes to me first.

            我不会写信给他的,除非他先写给我.

33、特殊的比较句型：

   (1) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)

      例：She differs from her sister in the colour of her eyes.

          她眼睛的颜色跟她姐姐不同。

   (2) ...varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)

      例：The opinion of the problem varies from person to person.

          对这个问题的看法是因人而异的。

   (3) A is superior(inferior) to B.   A 优越于B

      例：The modal is technically superior to its competitors.

          这一款式在技术上优越于与之竞争的产品。

          Some consider digital TV to be superior to satellite TV.

   (4) be different from

      例：Its meaning can be completely different from the meaning of its components. 它的意思有时候跟它的合成的意思完全不一样。

   (5) be inferior to

      例：Modern music is often considered inferior to that of the past.

          现代音乐常被人认为不如过去的。

   (6) A and B have sth in common. A 和B 有共同点。

      例：The Japanese and Chinese cultures have a lot in common.

          日本与中国的文化具有许多相同点。

34、必须背诵的There be 句型：

   (1) There is no immediate solution to the problem .

      对于这个问题没有立即的解决的方案。

   (2) There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）

     例：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad

          to worse.  不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

   (3) There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问,…….

      例句：There is no doubt that health is better than wealth.

            毫无疑问,健康胜于财富.

   (4) There's no point in... ……是无意义的.

      例句：There's no point in getting angry when things have happened.

            对已发生的事生气是没有意义的.

   (5) There's no way... ……绝不可能.

      例句：There's no way one could succeed without hard work.

            一个人不努力绝不可能成功.

   (6) There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...）

     例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

            没有人不渴望上大学。

   (7)There is no need/use/harm/hurry in doing sth

      例：There is no need in spending money mending the broken car.

          没有必要花钱去修理那破车了。

          There is no use in regretting when time passed by.

          时间过去了再后悔就没有用了。

          There is no harm in using the environmentally friendly products.

          用环保产品是没有害处的。

          There is no hurry in running to school for time is still enough.

          没有必要匆匆忙忙上学校，因为时间还充足呢。

   (8) There no/some difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth

      例：There is no trouble in selling our car.

          我们毫不费力地卖了我们的车。

35、time 句型：

   (1) the first time 引导的状语从句

      例：I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her. 

          第一次我见到她时，觉得她很诚实。

   (2) (the) next time  引导的状语从句

      例：The harvest will have been got in  (the) next time you come.

          你下次来时，庄稼已收好了。

   (3) the last time 引导的状语从句

      例：What was the name of the hotel he had stayed in  the last time he was

          in Cairo?    他上次来开罗时往的那家旅馆叫什么来着？

   (4) each time/every time  引导的状语从句

      例：Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.

          每次夜间回来，你总是把你的靴子朝地上一扔。

   (5) It is ／was the first／last／second ／third time ＋从句（完成时态）

      例：This is the first time I have been here  这是我第一次到这儿。

   (6)It is high time that sb did (should do) sth      该……的时候了。

      例句：It is high time that we went to the classroom. 

            该我们进教室的时候了。

   (7) by the time + 从句      就在……时候；到……时候为止

      例：We'll be ready  by the time you get back.   

          你回来的时候，我们将准备好了。

   (8) It's time for sb to do sth

      例：It’s time for me to log off. 我该关机/下线了。

   (9) It's time for sth

      例：It's time for lunch.  午餐的时间到了。

36、几种重要的表语从句句型：

   (1) The point is that ... 重点/关键是…….

      例句：The point is that you have to keep your promise to help her with

            her English.  关键是你得遵守诺言,帮她学习英语.

   (2) The chance  is that … 有可能……

      例：The chance is that he will succeed. 他很有可能成功。

   (3) The fact is that … 事实是……

      例：The fact is that he hasn’t yet recover from illness.

          事实是他还没有康复呢。

   (4) The problem/question is that … 问题是……

      例：The question is whether we should ask them for help.

          问题是我们是否应该向他请求帮助。

   (5)That is ---

      例：That is where Lu Xun used to live. 这是鲁迅过去住过的地方。

37、几种重要的倒装句型：

   (1) only 倒装句

      例：Only with hard work can you expect to get a pay rise.

          只有靠努力的工作你才能指望提高工资。

          Only when he told me about the news did I know the truth.

          仅仅当他告诉了我这消息我才知道真相。

   (2) so 倒装句

      例：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

          时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

   (3) such 倒装句

      例：Such was the story he told. 这就是他讲的故事。

          Such a well-known man is he that everyone wants to take a photo

          with him.他是如此出名的人以致于人人都想和他拍照片。

   (4)含有否定意义的词组提前

      例：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

          我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

   (5)介词短语提前

      例：Outside the classroom stood an old man. 在教室的外面站着一位老人。

   (6) 分词提前

      例：Seated on the ground are a group of young men playing cards.

          坐在地面上的是一群年轻人在打牌。

          Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.  

          躺在地板上的是一个17岁的男孩。

   (7) not only --- but also 倒装句

      例：Not only was the city polluted but the streets were crowded.

          不仅那城市被污染了，街道也很拥挤。

          Not only has aspirin saved many people’s lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with. 通过消热止痛，阿斯片林不仅拯救了许多人的生命，而且还帮助了许多其它的事情。

38、so/such that句型

   (1) so that （引导结果状语从句）结果……

      例：We were late so that the teacher was angry. 

          我们迟到，使得教师生气了。

   (2) so that = in order that （目的状语从句）以便，为了

      例：I hurried so that I wouldn't be late for class．

          为了上课不迟到，我匆忙起来。

          In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him at 6.

          为了使他不致迟到，他母亲在6点钟叫醒了他。

   (3) so +形容词+（或a/an+ 名词）+that     如此……以致于……

      例：I've been working so hard recently that I haven't had any time for

          collecting new stamps.    我近来一直很忙，没时间搜集新邮票。

   (4) such +名词（或an/a+形容词 + 名词）+--- that

      例：It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it

          这是一个异乎寻常的艺术作品，人人都想看一看。

39、表示“也、同样”的句型

   (1) too 用于肯定

      例：I like the book, too.   我也喜欢这本书。

   (2) also 用于陈述句

      例：She also speaks a little Italian.   她也会说一点意大利语。

   (3) either 用于否定句

      例：Peter can't go and I can't either.       Peter 不能去，我也不能。

   (4) so 用于肯定的倒装句

      例：You speak English well, so does he. 

          你的英语讲得很好，他讲得也不错。.

   (5) neither/nor 用于否定的倒装句

      例：I have never heard of such a thing, Neither has she.

          我从来没有听说这件事，她也没有。

          Tom didn’t finish his homework. Nor did Jane.

          汤姆没有完成作业，Jane 也没有。

   (6) as well 用于句末

      例：He knows German as well. 他也懂德语。

   (7) so it is/was  with = so it is/was the same with 用于包含不同种类的动词

      例：Jack is a student and studies in China. So it is with Green.

          Jack是一个学生，在中国学习， Green也是如此。

   (8) The same is true of……，

      例：The music is dull and uninspiring, and the same is true of the acting.

          那音乐单调，缺少激情；那表演也是如此。

   (9) The same can be said of…… (……也是如此).

      例：The same can be said of our country, also a developing one.

          我们的国家也是如此，一个发展中国家。

40、几种重要的同位语从句：

   (1) 由where 引导

      例：The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be

          considered.  那个我们应该在哪儿建造厂房的建议应该给予考虑。

   (2) 由what引导

      例：I have no idea what he did. 我不知道他做了什么。

   (3) 由whether 引导

      例：The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is not decided.

          他是否会参加会议这个问题还没决定。

   (4) 由who引导。

      例：The question who will go abroad needs considering.

          谁将去国外这个问题需要考虑。

   (5) 由when 引导

      例：I have no idea when they will be back and settle down.

          我不知道他们什么时候回来定居。

   (6) 由that 引导

      例：The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very

          good. 学生应该有很多练习，这个建议不错。

   (7) 由how 引导

      例：He can’t answer the question how he got the money.

          他是怎样得到那钱的，他不能回答这个问题。

   (8) 由why 引导

      例: We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.

         我搞不懂这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。

41、whether 句型：

   (1) It doesn't matter whether   是否……并没有关系

      例：It doesn’t matter whether it is fine or not.

          天气是否不错并有关系。

   (2) It makes no difference whether 是否……没关系

      例：It makes no difference whether you go today or tomorrow.

          你是今天去还是明天去没多大区别。

   (3) It is not made clear whether 是否……还不清楚

      例：It is not made clear whether Lily will pass the exam.

          还不清楚Lily是否会通过那场考试。

   (4) It is still a question whether 是否……仍然是一个问题

      例：It is still a question whether they are able to get enough coal this winter.

          今年冬天他们是否能够得到足够的煤还是一个问题。

   (5) It is not decided whether 是否……还没决定

      例：It is not decided whether the sports meeting will be put off.

          运动会是否会被推迟还没决定。

   (6} It is to be found out whether 是否……有待于发现

      例：It is to be found out whether there is other oil resources underground.

          地下是否有石油资源还有待于发现。

   (7) It is to be decided whether  是否……有待于决定

      例：It is to be decided whether this idea can be put into practice.

          这个想法是否能够实施还有待于决定。

   (8) I doubt/wonder whether 我怀疑是否……

      例：I doubt whether the new one will be any better.

          我怀疑这个新的是否会好一点。

   (9) have no idea/don't know whether 不知道是否……

      例：I have no idea whether the traffic is terrible on that way.

          我不知道那条路上的交通是否很糟。

   (10) It depends on whether... 这取决于……是否…….

      例句：It depends on whether you are determined to do it or not.

            这取决于你是否决心要做这件事情.

42、with复合宾语句型

   (1) with + n + adj.

      例：He stared at me with his mouth open.   他张着嘴凝视着我。

   (2) with + n + adv

      例：The boy stood there, with his head down.  这男孩低着头站在那。

   (3) with + n + 介词短语

      例：He stood with his hand in his pocket. 他站着，一手插在衣袋里。

   (4) with + n + 动词不定式

      例：With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.

          由于没有可谈话的人，John觉得很悲伤。

   (5) with + n + 现在分词

      例：With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.

          由于物价迅猛上涨，我们买不起高当商品。

   (6) with + n + 过去分词

      例：With her eyes fixed on the opposite wall, she did not answer

          immediately.   她的眼睛盯着对面的墙壁，她没有立即回答。

43、have 复合宾语句型：

   (1) have sb do sth

      例：I won't have you say such things.   我绝不会让你说这样的话。

   (2) have sb doing

      例：She will have you doing all the housework if you are're not carefully.

          如果你再不小心的话，她就让你做全部家务。

   (3) have sth done

      例：I have my hair cut every six weeks.  我每六个星期剪一次头。

44、几个重要的目的状语从句句型：

    (1) in case

       例：He left early  in case he should miss the last train.

            他动身得早，以免误了最后一班火车。

   (2) for fear (that)

      例：He handled the instrument with care  for fear (that) it should be

          damaged.   他小心翼翼地摆弄那仪器，以防把它弄坏。

   (3) so that

      例：Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.

          让我们坐到前面的座位上，以便能看得更清楚些。

   (4) in order that

      例：He got up very early so that/in order that he might/could catch the

          early bus.  为了赶上早班车，他起了个大早。

45、几个难掌握的主语从句和宾语从句

   (1) You may take whatever(=anything/everything that)you like.

      你喜欢什么就拿什么。

   (2) You may take whichever(=any) seat you like.

      你想坐哪个位置就坐哪个位置。

   (3) Whoever(=Anyone who) cuts the trees down must be punished.

      任何一个砍树的人都必须受到惩罚。

   (4) You may give the note to whomever(=anyone whom) you meet at the

office.

      你可以把条子给你在办公室看到的任何一个人。

46、使用现在完成时和过去完成时的常用句型：

   (1) since句型：主句用完成时

      例：My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.

          从1949年，我婶婶就一直在一家诊所工作。

   (2) since when +完成时

      例：Since when have you planted so many young trees?

          从什么时候你种植了这么多小树的？

   (3) This/it is the first (third...) time sb have done sth

      例：This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次到这儿。

   (4) by…（到……为止）到过去某个时候为止用过去完成时，到现在为止

      用现在完成时，到将来某个时候为止用将来完成时。

      例：She will have finished the book by my next birthday.

          到我下一个生日为止，我将完成那本书。

          By eleven o'clock yesterday, we had arrived at the airport.

          到昨天十一点止我们就已经到达机场了。

   但比较：By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners were seated.

           就在主讲者进入大厅的时候，所有的听众都坐好了。

   (5) in the past time( two days/years...) +完成时

      例：In the past 10 years, there have been great changes in our family life.

          在过去的十年里，我们的家庭生活发生了很大的变化。

   (6) hardly ... when....   (no sooner ... than)句型用过去完成时

      例：Hardly had I reached the school when the bell rang.

          我一到学校，铃子就响了。

          No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.

          我们刚坐到桌子旁边电话就响了。

   (7) 未实现的愿望打算等等用过去完成时

      例：I had thought I could pass the final examination but I failed.

47、几种特殊的状语从句句型：

   (1) everywhere 引导

      例：Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed.

          他们每到一处就收到热烈的欢迎。

   (2) anywhere 引导

      例：We’ll go anywhere the Party directs us.党指向哪我们就去哪。

   (3) the way 引导

      例：She is doing her work the way I like it done.

          她在用她喜欢的方法做她的工作。

   (4) like 引导

      例：The landlord was watching him like (= just as) a cat watches a mouse.

          那地主监视着他就像猫监视老鼠一样。

   (5) immediately引导

      例：I didn’t wait a moment, but came immediately you called.

          我一刻也没停留，你一打电话我就来的。

48、有关it的几个特殊句型 ：

   (1) owe it to sb. that…把…归功于…

      例：I owe it to you that I finished my work in time.

          亏你帮忙，我才及时完成了工作。

   (2) take it for granted that …想当然

      例：I take it for granted that they will support this idea.

          我认为他们会支持这个提议是理所当然的。

   (3) keep it in mind that…

      例：It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work.

          一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

   (4) It can be seen from the statistics that ...从这个统计可看出……

      例句：It can be seen from the statistics that exercise is good for us.

            从这个统计可以看出，练习对我们是有好处的。

   (5). It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，

      enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like,

      see to, appreciate, stand  宾语从句紧跟it之后

      例  I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.

          我妒嫉你游泳那么好，而我不能。

          I would appreciate it if you call me back this evening.

          如果你晚上给我回电话,我会非常感激.

          I can't stand it when people talk with their mouth full.

          我无法忍受别人说话的时候满嘴食物.

   (6). It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后

     （except that例外）

      例：I'm for it that you will follow their advice.

          我赞成你采纳他们的意见。

   (7) It must be pointed out that   必须指出的是

      例句：It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to

            control population growth while raising the quality of the population.

            一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制

            人口增长。

   (8) It has been proved that…   有人已经证实……

      例：It has been proved that his theory is right.

          已经证明，他的理论是对的。

49、列举、说明句型：

   (1) on the one hand --- ; on the other hand

   (2) For one thing ---; for another thing ---

      例：For one thing, these shoes don't suit you. For another, they are too

          expensive. 一方面,这双鞋子并不适合你;另一方面,这太贵了.

   (3) It is one thing to...; it is another to...

      做这件事是一回事；做那件事是另一回事

   (4) what's more ---; morever ---; furthermore ---

   (5) Firstly ---; secondly ---; finally ---

   (6) In the first place ---; in the second place ---

   (7)First of all/to begin with ---; in addition/besides ---

50、总结句型：

   (1) Through the above analysis(分析)

      例：Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative ones.

           通过以上分析，我认为积极因素大于消极因素。

   (2) To sum up,总而言之, …

      例：To sum up, there are three ways of solving the problems.

          决而言之，解决这个问题的方法有三条。

   (3) In short...   总之……

      例：In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet.

          总之，学生们还没有达成一致的意见。

   (4) In a word , it is clear that…  总之，很明显……

      例：In a word, it is clear that smoking does harm to our health.

          总之，很明显，抽烟对我们健康有害。

   (5) On account of this we can find that … 由此我们可以知道…

      例：On account of this we can find that it is not suitable for middle school students to have cell phones.

          由此我们可以发现中学生持有手机是不合适的。

   (6) In conclusion … 结论之, …

      例：In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants’ lives.

          结论之，我们必须理性地考虑这个问题，对农民的生活应给予更多的重视。

   (7) All in all, it is obvious that …..总之，很明显……

      例：All in all, it is obvious that the government should set up different kinds of schools to meet the demands of different children.

          总之，很明显，政府应该建立多种不同的学校去满足不同孩子的需要。

   (8) From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these

      factors,  we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion

that ...

      从以上所讨论的东西来看/考虑到所有这些因素，我们完全可以得出这样

的结论……

      例：From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

         从以上所讨论的东西来看/考虑到所有这些因素，我们完全可以得出这样的结论，随着现代社会的进步，闲暇的生活方式正在减少，这未必是一件坏事。